Public Conduct — Japan

Carry your passport every moment you are in Japan - a police officer can demand it on the spot, and refusing is a criminal offence with a fine up to 100,000 yen. You may legally decline to answer a street officer's questions, but you may not decline to hand over the passport.

Immigration Act art. 76: an ordinary fine of up to 100,000 yen for failing to carry the passport or for refusing to present it. Minor Offences Act art. 1: penal detention of 1 to 29 days (Penal Code art. 16) or a petty fine of 1,000 to 9,999 yen (Penal Code art. 17) - the two lightest penalties in Japanese law, both distinct from ordinary imprisonment and ordinary fines; art. 2 lets a court impose both or waive punishment. The Police Duties Execution Act carries NO penalty on the individual: declining to answer a street stop is not itself an offence, and the compulsion in that encounter comes from the passport duty, not from the questioning power.